Artikel 15 van de Staatsregeling luidt:
1. Een ieder heeft recht op het ongestoord genot van zijn eigendom, behoudens bij of krachtens landsverordening in het algemeen belang te stellen beperkingen.
2. Niemand kan zijn eigendom worden ontnomen, dan nadat bij landsverordening verklaard is, dat het algemeen nut de onteigening vordert, en tegen vooraf genoten of vooraf verzekerde schadeloosstelling, een en ander naar bij of krachtens landsverordening te stellen voorschriften.
3. Wanneer in geval van nood onverwijld onteigening geboden is, vervalt de in het vorige lid gestelde eis, dat vooraf bij landsverordening verklaard wordt dat het algemeen nut de onteigening vordert en behoeft evenmin de schadeloosstelling vooraf genoten of vooraf verzekerd te zijn.
4. In de gevallen bij landsverordening bepaald bestaat recht op schadeloosstelling of tegemoetkoming in de schade, indien in het algemeen belang eigendom door het bevoegd gezag wordt vernietigd of onbruikbaar gemaakt of de uitoefening van het eigendomsrecht wordt beperkt.
Vanwege de parallellie met deze zaak is in dit verband met name de niet-ontvankelijkheids-beslissing van het EHRM van 7 mei 2013 in de gevoegde zaken Koufaki en ADEDY tegen Griekenland7 instructief. In die zaken was, zoals thans in Sint Maarten het geval vanwege de COVID-19-pandemie, sprake van een ernstige financiële crisis (‘an exceptional crisis without precedent in recent Greek history’). Ook werd de Griekse regering (vergelijkbaar met thans de regering van Sint Maarten) geconfronteerd met extern aan steun gestelde voorwaarden vanuit de eurolanden, de Centrale Europese Bank en het Internationale Monetaire Fonds. Maatregelen die de Griekse regering onder meer trof waren kortingen op het loon en pensioen van overheidspersoneel met 20%, met daarnaast kortingen op aanvullende toelagen (§ 43). Het EHRM overwoog8 over de klachten dat deze kortingen in strijd zouden zijn met artikel 1 Protocol 1 onder meer:
31. The Court reiterates that the States Parties to the Convention enjoy quite a wide margin of appreciation in regulating their social policy. As the decision to enact laws to balance State expenditure and revenue will commonly involve consideration of political, economic and social issues, the Court considers that the national authorities are in principle better placed than the international judge to choose the most appropriate means of achieving this and will respect their judgment unless it is manifestly without reasonable foundation (…). This margin is even wider when the issues involve an assessment of the priorities as to the allocation of limited State resources (…).
32. According to the Court’s well-established case-law, the principles which apply generally in cases concerning Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 are equally relevant when it comes to salaries or welfare benefits (…). The first and most important requirement of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 is that any interference by a public authority with the peaceful enjoyment of possessions should be lawful and that it should pursue a legitimate aim “in the public interest”. Any interference must also be reasonably proportionate to the aim sought to be realised. In other words, a fair balance must be struck between the demands of the general interest of the community and the requirements of the protection of the individual’s fundamental rights. The requisite balance will not be found if the person or persons concerned have had to bear an individual and excessive burden (…).
33. Furthermore, Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 cannot be interpreted as giving an individual a right to a pension of a particular amount (…) or to a salary of a particular amount (…).
34. The Court considers that the restrictions introduced by the impugned legislation should not be considered as a “deprivation of possessions” as the applicants claim, but rather as interference with the right to the peaceful enjoyment of possessions for the purposes of the first sentence of the first paragraph of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (…).
35. The Court notes that the interference was provided for by law, namely Laws nos. 3833/2010 and 3845/2010.
36. In assessing the public interest of the measures in question, the Court attaches particular weight to the report accompanying Law no. 3833/2010 and to the reasoning of judgment no. 668/2012 of the Supreme Administrative Court.
37. The Court notes first of all that the adoption of the impugned measures was justified by the existence of an exceptional crisis without precedent in recent Greek history. As stressed by the report accompanying Law no. 3833/2010, this was “the worst crisis in the public finances for decades”, which “[had] undermined the country’s credibility, thwarted efforts to meet the country’s lending needs and pose[d] a serious threat to the national economy”. The report stated that finding a way out of the crisis represented “a historic responsibility and a national duty” and that Greece had undertaken to “achieve fiscal consolidation on the basis of precise targets and a precise timetable”... .
38. The Supreme Administrative Court further noted, in judgment no. 668/2012, that the reduction in the salaries, allowances, bonuses and retirement pensions of persons working in the public service, as a result of the above-mentioned laws, formed part of a wider programme of public finance adjustment and structural reform of the Greek economy which, taken as a whole, was designed to meet the country’s pressing financing needs and to improve its future economic and financial prospects. Those aims were in the general interest and also coincided with those of the euro area Member States, in view of the requirement under European Union legislation to ensure budgetary discipline and preserve the stability of the euro area. By their very nature, the measures in question therefore contributed to an immediate reduction in public spending ... .
39. In that connection the Court reiterates that the notion of “public interest” is necessarily extensive. As it has already noted, the decision to enact laws to balance State expenditure and revenue will commonly involve consideration of political, economic and social issues, and the margin of appreciation available to the legislature in implementing social and economic policies is a wide one. The Court will thus respect the legislature’s judgment as to what is “in the public interest” unless that judgment is manifestly without reasonable foundation (…). In matters of general policy, on which opinions within a democratic society may reasonably differ widely, the role of the domestic policy-maker should be given special weight (…).
40. The Court also notes that, in addition to the salary-related measures laid down in Laws nos. 3833/2010 and 3845/2010, other measures had been introduced under different legislation aimed, among other things, at restoring tax equity and tackling tax evasion, reforming the social-security system and the public servants’ retirement scheme, reviewing the procedures for checking and auditing the public finances, opening up certain closed occupations and placing State-owned companies on a sounder footing.
41. In view of the above considerations, the Court has no reason to doubt that, in deciding to cut public servants’ wages and pensions, the legislature was acting in the public interest.
42. It remains to be determined whether a fair balance was struck in the instant case between the demands of the general interest of the community and the requirements of the protection of the fundamental rights of the first applicant and the second applicant’s members.
43. The Court observes that Law no. 3833/2010 reduced by 12% the wages and pensions of all persons who worked or had worked in the public service. Law no. 3845/2010, enacted two months later, reduced wages and pensions by another 8%, cut the Christmas, Easter and holiday allowances to EUR 500, EUR 250 and EUR 250 respectively and further stipulated that the overall monthly payments should not exceed EUR 3,000. The measures provided for by Law no. 3845/2010 were deemed necessary by the legislature in view of the fact that those adopted previously under Law no. 3833/2010 had proved insufficient to tackle the country’s stricken economic situation.
44. The Court attaches particular weight to the reasons given by the Supreme Administrative Court which, in its judgment of 20 February 2012, dismissed several arguments to the effect that the measures in question had breached the proportionality principle. More specifically, the Supreme Administrative Court held that the fact that the cuts in wages and pensions were not merely temporary was justified, since the legislature’s aim had been not only to remedy the acute budgetary crisis at that time but also to consolidate the State’s finances on a lasting basis. It also referred to the Court’s case-law concerning cuts in wages and pensions of the kind made by a number of States in the same overall context of economic crisis. It further observed that the applicants before it had not claimed specifically that their situation had worsened to the extent that they risked falling below the subsistence threshold.
45. (…).
46. The Court considers that the extent of the reduction in the first applicant’s salary was not such as to place her at risk of having insufficient means to live on and thus to constitute a breach of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. In view of the foregoing and of the particular context of crisis in which the interference in question occurred, the latter could not be said to have imposed an excessive burden on the applicant.
47. As to the proportionality of the impugned measures with regard to the wages and pensions of the public servants affiliated to the second applicant, the Court would simply refer to the text of the memorandum of understanding itself. According to the memorandum, the abolition of the thirteenth and fourteenth pension payments was compensated for (…). Furthermore, while the thirteenth and fourteenth salary payments were abolished across the board, an annual bonus (…) was introduced, funded by the reduction in the allowances previously payable to higher earners. This bonus was introduced with the aim of protecting those in the lowest income segments (…).
48. As regards alternative solutions, their possible existence does not in itself render the contested legislation unjustified. Provided that the legislature remains within the bounds of its margin of appreciation, it is not for the Court to say whether the legislation represented the best solution for dealing with the problem or whether the legislature’s discretion should have been exercised in another way (…).
(1) Bij het vormgeven van sociaal-economisch beleid dat ingrijpt in de eigendom van burgers (salarissen en andere arbeidsvoorwaarden) laat het EHRM de nationale staat een ruime beoordelingsmarge (margin of appreciation), waarbij de keuzes van de staat gerespecteerd worden tenzij deze evident zonder redelijke grond zijn; deze marge is nog ruimer wanneer het gaat om verdeling van schaarse middelen (§§ 31, 39).
(2) Bij maatregelen die in een situatie van crisis (§ 37) ingrijpen in salarissen en pensioenen is met het oog op de rechtvaardiging ervan relevant dat dat ingrijpen onderdeel vormt van een breder programma, gericht op hervorming van de overheidsfinanciën en de structurele hervorming van de economie (§ 38). Dergelijke maatregelen kunnen mogelijk een permanent karakter hebben (§ 44).
(3) Dat er mogelijk alternatieve oplossingen zijn maakt de tot stand gebrachte wetgeving niet ongerechtvaardigd: het is niet aan het EHRM om te bepalen wat de beste oplossing zou zijn (§ 48).
(4) Artikel 1 Protocol 1 EVRM geeft geen recht op een specifiek niveau van het salaris of pensioen (§ 33).
(5) Kortingen op salaris of pensioen zijn geen ontneming van eigendom, maar vormen – slechts – een beperking van eigendom (§ 34).
(6) Kortingen die uitsluitend betrekking hebben op de publieke sector kunnen gerechtvaardigd zijn (§§ 43-47).
(7) Er is geen sprake van een redelijke proportionaliteit van dergelijk ingrijpen als de burger een individuele, excessieve last opgelegd wordt (§ 32), hetgeen met name het geval is wanneer hij daardoor onder het bestaansminimum komt en niet meer in zijn eigen levensonderhoud kan voorzien (§§ 44 en 46).