In het Verenigd Koninkrijk is per 1 april 2017 een en ander veranderd:25
A fundamental reform of loss relief is about to take effect, under measures contained in the Finance (No. 2) Bill 2017. Under the reform, a distinction will have to be made between losses incurred in accounting periods beginning after 31 March 2017 ("post-1 April 2017 losses") and those incurred in previous periods ("pre-1 April 2017 losses"). However, no change is made to relief for losses in the current period or to the carry-back of losses; the reform affects relief for losses carried forward only.
Trading losses may be set off against the company's other taxable profits (if any) and chargeable capital gains of the same accounting period.
Trading losses (whenever incurred) may also be carried back for 1 year (to accounting periods falling wholly or partly within the period of 12 months immediately preceding the beginning of the loss-making period).
Losses may also be carried forward indefinitely. In the case of pre-1 April 2017 losses, these may be set off only against the profits of the same and continuing trade, provided that the company remains within the charge to corporation tax (section 37 of CTA 2010). In the case of post-1 April 2017 losses (excluding certain restricted losses), these may be set off against the company's "total profits" of subsequent periods. Total profits include trading profits, non-trading profits and chargeable capital gains. This part of the reform therefore extends the scope of relief by including non-trading profits in those available for set-off.
The second part of the reform introduces a restriction on the total amount of trading losses carried forward that may be deducted in any period. Broadly speaking, each stand-alone company or group of companies containing two or more companies chargeable to UK corporation tax will have a "deductions allowance" of GBP 5 million, some of which may be allocated to trading profits (the "trading profits deductions allowance"). The maximum amount of pre-1 April 2017 trade losses (together with any restricted post-1 April trade losses) that may be set off in any accounting period beginning after 31 March 2017 is the sum of its trading profits deduction allowance (if any) and 50% of its trading profits in excess of that allowance. Similarly, in the case of post-1 April 2017 trade losses, the maximum amount available for set-off against total profits is the sum of so much of the company's deductions allowance as has not been allocated to trading profits and 50% of total profits in excess of the allowance.
Similar rules will apply to expenses of management of an investment company and certain other special forms of activity.
Any loss carried forward is set off against the earliest available profits.
Losses in a UK property business may be set off against the total profits of the company and to the extent that this is not possible be carried forward to subsequent periods indefinitely, for set-off against total profits, subject to the making of a claim. Losses from an overseas property business are not available for set-off against total profits, however, but may only be carried forward for set-off against subsequent profits from the overseas property business.
Terminal losses may in general be carried back for 3 years and set off against profits of any description.
Any other non-trading income losses (other than terminal losses) cannot in general be set off against trading profits. Such losses are generally carried forward and set off against the same class of income. However, in the case of non-trading deficits from loan relationships (these occur when non-trading debits from such relationships, such as interest expense on a non-trading related loan, exceed non-trading credits, such as interest income from a non-trading related loan) incurred in accounting periods beginning after 31 March 2017, these will be available for set-off against any profits of the company, subject to the making of a claim.
There are restrictions on the carry-back and carry-forward of losses where, within a 5-year period, there is both a change in the ownership of the company and a major change in the nature or conduct of the trade (a 3-year period applied for such events that occurred before 1 April 2017) (section 673 et seq. of CTA 2010).
Targeted rules are in place to defeat certain tax avoidance arrangements using brought forward trading losses, brought forward non-trading deficits, brought forward management expenses, and terminal losses of companies with investment business.
Special loss restriction rules are in place for banks. With effect from 1 April 2015, the proportion of a bank’s annual taxable profit that may be offset by losses carried forward is limited to 50%. This restriction applies only to losses that have accrued before 1 April 2015. In this respect, special allowances apply to groups headed by a building society. FA 2016, with effect from 1 April 2016, further reduces the proportion of a bank’s annual taxable profit that may be offset by losses carried forward to 25%. Apportionment is made where a company’s accounting period straddles 1 April 2016.