De zaak S.H. and others v. Austria18 betrof de Oostenrijkse Fortpflanzungsmedizingesetz, die het voor de vier klagers (twee echtparen) onmogelijk maakte om in Oostenrijk kunstmatig zwanger te worden, hetgeen zij aanvochten met een beroep op art. 8 EVRM (family life) en art. 14 (discriminatieverbod):
“10. The first applicant is married to the second applicant and the third applicant to the fourth applicant.
11. The first applicant suffers from fallopian-tube-related infertility (eileiterbedingter Sterilität). She produces ova, but, due to her blocked fallopian tubes, these cannot pass to the uterus, so natural fertilisation is impossible. The second applicant, her husband, is infertile.
12. The third applicant suffers from agonadism (Gonadendysgenesie), which means that she does not produce ova at all. Thus, she is completely infertile but has a fully developed uterus. The fourth applicant, her husband, in contrast to the second applicant, can produce sperm fit for procreation.
13. On 4 May 1998 the first and third applicants lodged an application (Individualantrag) with the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) for a review of the constitutionality of sections 3(1) and 3(2) of the Artificial Procreation Act (Fortpflanzungsmedizingesetz (…)).
14. The applicants argued before the Constitutional Court that they were directly affected by the above provisions. The first applicant submitted that she could not conceive a child by natural means; thus, the only way open to her and her husband would be in vitro fertilisation using sperm from a donor. That medical technique was, however, ruled out by sections 3(1) and 3(2) of the Artificial Procreation Act. The third applicant submitted that she was infertile. As she suffered from agonadism, she did not produce ova at all. Thus, the only way open to her of conceiving a child was to resort to a medical technique of artificial procreation referred to as heterologous embryo transfer, which would entail implanting into her uterus an embryo conceived with ova from a donor and sperm from the fourth applicant. However, that method was not allowed under the Artificial Procreation Act.”
De Grote Kamer van het EHRM achtte deze uitsluiting van eiceldonatie-behandeling en van de combinatie van spermadonatie en in vitro fertilisatie niet in strijd met art. 8 EVRM. Zij achtte het niet nodig om de klacht dan nog te onderzoeken onder art. 14 EVRM. Zij stelde voorop dat, gezien de maatschappelijke gevoeligheid in Oostenrijk en de zeer uiteenlopende opvattingen en regelingen in de lidstaten van de Raad van Europa, de nationale wetgevers op dit terrein een ruime beoordelingsmarge hebben:
“94. The Court reiterates that a number of factors must be taken into account when determining the breadth of the margin of appreciation to be enjoyed by the State when deciding any case under Article 8 of the Convention. Where a particularly important facet of an individual’s existence or identity is at stake, the margin allowed to the State will normally be restricted (…). Where, however, there is no consensus within the member States of the Council of Europe, either as to the relative importance of the interest at stake or as to the best means of protecting it, particularly where the case raises sensitive moral or ethical issues, the margin will be wider (…). By reason of their direct and continuous contact with the vital forces of their countries, the State authorities are, in principle, in a better position than the international judge to give an opinion, not only on the “exact content of the requirements of morals” in their country, but also on the necessity of a restriction intended to meet them (….). There will usually be a wide margin of appreciation accorded if the State is required to strike a balance between competing private and public interests or Convention rights (…).
Wat het verbod op eiceldonatie betrof, achtte de Grote Kamer de balans van afwegingen door de Oostenrijkse wetgever niet onredelijk:
“104. The Court observes in this connection that the Austrian legislature has not completely ruled out artificial procreation as it allows the use of homologous techniques. According to the findings of the Constitutional Court (…), the Austrian legislature was guided by the idea that medically assisted procreation should take place similarly to natural procreation, and in particular that the basic principle of civil law – mater semper certa est – should be maintained by avoiding the possibility that two persons could claim to be the biological mother of one and the same child and to avoid disputes between a biological and a genetic mother in the wider sense. In doing so, the legislature tried to reconcile the wish to make medically assisted procreation available and the existing unease among large sections of society as to the role and possibilities of modern reproductive medicine, which raises issues of a morally and ethically sensitive nature.
105. The Court observes further that the Austrian legislature has established specific safeguards and precautions under the Artificial Procreation Act, namely, reserving the use of artificial procreation techniques to specialised medical doctors who have particular knowledge and experience in this field and are themselves bound by the ethical rules of their profession (…) and statutorily prohibiting the remuneration of ovum and sperm donation. These measures are intended to prevent potential risks of eugenic selection and their abuse and to prevent the risk of the exploitation of women in vulnerable situations as ovum donors. (…).”
Hetzelfde gold voor de balans van afwegingen door de Oostenrijkse autoriteiten ter zake van spermadonatie voor in vitro doeleinden:
“113. (…). (…) there remain the basic concerns relied on by the Government, namely, that the prohibition of the donation of gametes involving the intervention of third persons in a highly technical medical process was a controversial issue in Austrian society, raising complex questions of a social and ethical nature on which there was not yet a consensus in society and which had to take into account human dignity, the well-being of children thus conceived and the prevention of negative repercussions or potential misuse. The Court has found above that the prohibition of ovum donation for in vitro fertilisation, which relied on these grounds, is compatible with the requirements of Article 8 of the Convention and, in taking into account the general framework in which the prohibition at issue must be seen, is also of relevance here.
114. The fact that the Austrian legislature, when enacting the Artificial Procreation Act which enshrined the decision not to allow the donation of sperm or ova for in vitro fertilisation, did not at the same time prohibit sperm donation for in vivo fertilisation – a technique which had been tolerated for a considerable period beforehand and had become accepted by society – is a matter that is of significance in the balancing of the respective interests and cannot be considered solely in the context of the efficient policing of the prohibitions. It shows rather the careful and cautious approach adopted by the Austrian legislature in seeking to reconcile social realities with its approach of principle in this field. In this connection, the Court also observes that there is no prohibition under Austrian law on going abroad to seek treatment of infertility that uses artificial procreation techniques not allowed in Austria and that in the event of a successful treatment the Civil Code contains clear rules on paternity and maternity that respect the wishes of the parents (…).”
De Grote Kamer concludeerde dat: