[0001] The present invention relates to rivastigmine, in free base or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, for use in a method of preventing, treating or delaying progression of dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, wherein the rivastigmine is administered in a Transdermal Therapeutic System and the starting dose is as defined in claim 1.
[0002] Transdermal Therapeutic Systems (TTS) and their manufacture are generally known in the art. EP 1 047 409 discloses a TTS containing rivastigmine and an antioxidant. GB 2203040 discloses a TTS containing rivastigmine and a hydrophilic polymer.
[0003] These TTS have valuable properties. However, there is a need for further TTS showing improved properties, in particular, there is a need to provide TTS to improve compliance, adhesion, tolerability and/or safety.
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[0006] Thus, it is an aim of the present invention to provide a TTS with improved compliance, adhesion, tolerability and/or safety properties.
[0007] It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a TTS that has a relatively large amount of active ingredient and has an adhesive force to ensure safe application over the entire application period.
[0008] It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a TTS that has a relatively large amount of active ingredient without having an inadequately large expanse.
[0009] It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a TTS that shows improved adhesive properties without changing the release profile of the active ingredient.
[0010] It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a method of treatment and controlled-release formulation(s) that substantially improves the efficacy and tolerability of rivastigmine.
[0011] It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a method of treatment and controlled-release formulation(s) that substantially reduces the time and resources needed to administer rivastigmine for therapeutic benefit.
[0012] It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a method of treatment and
controlled-release formulation(s) that substantially improves compliance with rivastigmine
therapy.
[0013] It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a method of treatment and
controlled-release formulation(s) that have substantially less inter-individual variation with
regard to plasma concentrations of rivastigmine required to produce a therapeutic benefit
without unacceptable side effects.
[0014] This is achieved by a TTS as defined in the enclosed claims.
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[0017] Tests with active ingredients for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease have surprisingly shown that a line of silicone adhesive can be applied to a poorly adhesive reservoir matrix, thus significantly increasing the adhesive properties of the preparation without affecting the thermodynamic properties of the TTS, i.e. without reducing the release of active ingredient from the matrix and its permeation through the skin.
[0018] The findings of the tests on transdermal application of active ingredients for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease carried out by the applicant can of course be transferred to other groups of active ingredients. It can therefore be stated in general that for many active ingredients an increasing proportion of active ingredient in the adhesive polymer matrix of the TTS significantly reduces the adhesive properties of the TTS if said active ingredients are solid at room temperature. Usually, if the active ingredients are in a liquid state at room temperature large amounts of so-called "thickening polymers" (e.g. cellulose or polyacrylate derivatives) have to be added in order to achieve mechanical processability of the polymers, which results also in a reduction of adhesive properties.
[0019] In one embodiment the present disclosure provides TTS comprising a backing layer, a reservoir layer containing at least one active ingredient and a polymer, an adhesive layer comprising a silicone polymer and a tackifier.
[0020] A TTS according to the disclosure shows improved adhesive properties. Further, and very surprisingly, the so obtained TTS has essentially the same release profile when compared with a standard TTS.
[0021] The present invention is further related to substantially improving the efficacy and tolerability of rivastigmine, by application of a TTS in the range of 2 to 50 cm2, said formulation providing a mean maximum plasma concentration of about 1 to 30 ng/mL from a mean of about 2 to 16 hours after application and an AUC24h of about 25 to 450 ng.h/mL after repeated “QD” (i.e., once daily) administration.
[0022] A TTS as used in the invention quite surprisingly shows improved tolerability, particularly gastrointestinal adverse events such as nausea and vomiting, relative to equivalent levels of exposure (AUC24h) of Exelon® capsule.
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[0044] In a further aspect, the invention provides rivastigmine in free base or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, for use in the prevention, treatment or delay of progression of dementia wherein the rivastigmine is administered in a TTS and the stering is as defined in claim 1.
[0045] In a further aspect, the invention provides rivastigmine for use in a method for the prevention, treatment or delay of progression of dementia associated with Parkinson's disease wherein the rivastigmine is administered in a TTS and the stering is as defined in claim 1.
[0046] In a further aspect, the invention provides rivastigmine for use in a method for the prevention, treatment or delay of progression of Alzheimer's disease wherein the rivastigmine is administered in a TTS and the stering is as defined in claim 1.
[0047] The manufacturing of a TTS according to the invention may be accomplished in any method known to the skilled person.
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[0049] Little has been published in detail on rivastigmine’s biopharmaceutical properties in humans. It is rapidly and completely absorbed. We have found that it is metabolised mainly through hydrolysis by esterases, e.g., acetyl and butyryl cholinesterase and has a plasma half life of 1 hour. It is subject to pre-systemic and systemic metabolism. We now have found that a TTS containing rivastigmine may be produced with advantageous properties, e.g., better tolerability.
[0050] A person skilled in the art is familiar how to produce a TTS having the above defined plasma profiles. A person skilled in the art will appreciate that such plasma profiles may be obtained by varying, e.g.,:
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[0055] The exact amounts of active agent doses and of the TTS to be administered depend on a number of factors, e.g., the condition to be treated, the desired duration of treatment and the rate of release of active agent.
[0056] For example, the amount of the active agent required and the release rate may be determined on the basis of known in vitro or in vivo techniques, determining how long a particular active agent concentration in the blood plasma remains at an acceptable level for a therapeutic effect.
[0057] The TTS used in the invention allows, e.g., the manufacture of once a day pharmaceutical forms for patients who have to take more than one dose of an active agent per day, e.g., at specific times, so that their treatment is simplified. With such compositions tolerability of rivastigmine may be improved, and this may allow a higher starting dose and a reduced number of dose titration steps.
[0058] An increased tolerability of rivastigmine provided by the compositions may be observed in standard animal tests and in clinical trials.
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[0073] An open-label, parallel-group, four-period, ascending dose-proportionality study evaluating TTS#2 5 cm2, 10 cm2, 15 cm2, and 20 cm2 and 1.5 mg, 3 mg, 4.5 mg, and 6 mg BID [bis in diem, rb.] Exelon® capsules at steady state in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease was conducted.
[0074] Patients diagnosed with mild to moderate Alzheimer's Disease were randomized to either TTS#2 or capsule treatment. The criteria for inclusion were: male or female (non-child-bearing potential) patients, 50-85 years of age, who fulfill the (DSM-IV) criteria for dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Patients should have been diagnosed with probable AD according to NINCDS - ADRDA criteria, with a MMSE score of 10-26 (both inclusive), and no other medical conditions that could impact study results.
[0075] Based on previous experience in clinical trials, 14-day titration steps were implemented for this study.
[0076] At the time of this analysis, the following number of patients completed each of the four periods, and were included in the pharmacokinetic evaluation: